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Fire
Volume 7
Issue 5
10.3390/fire7050152
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Open AccessArticle
by Ning Lu SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Xiaolin Yao SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Jinming Yang SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar Youbo Huang SciProfilesScilitPreprints.orgGoogle Scholar
Ning LuXiaolin YaoJinming YangYoubo Huang
1
College of Safety Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fire 2024, 7(5), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050152
Submission received: 11 March 2024/Revised: 18 April 2024/Accepted: 22 April 2024/Published: 24 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Tunnel Fire Research)
Abstract
The effect of the mainline slope on the ceiling temperature profile in a branched tunnel has not been clarified nor included in existing models. Thus, in this paper, the numerical code was employed to investigate the induced airflow velocity and gas temperature beneath the ceiling in a branch tunnel with a sloped upstream mainline. The mainline slope varied from 1% to 7%, with an interval of 1%. Five fire power of 3 MW, 5 MW, 10 MW, 15 MW, and 20 MW are employed on each slope. The airflow velocity and the longitudinal temperature in the mainline tunnel are measured and analyzed. Results show that the stack effect obviously occurred, which caused longitudinal velocity to prevent the smoke reverse flow in the mainline. The induced airflow velocity in the upstream inclined mainline is higher with increasing slope, and the dimensionless velocity is normalized well by the proposed expression. The maximum ceiling temperature is independent of the mainline slope and correlated well by Q*2/3, but the effect of the mainline slope on temperature longitudinal decay is worth considering. Finally, a normalized expression for longitudinal temperature decay in an inclined mainline is proposed by taking the fire power and mainline slope into account.
Keywords: tunnel fire; branched tunnel; ceiling temperature; natural ventilation; mainline slope
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MDPI and ACS Style
Lu, N.; Yao, X.; Yang, J.; Huang, Y.Evaluating the Ceiling Gas Temperature in a Branched Tunnel Fire with a Sloped Mainline Region under Natural Ventilation. Fire 2024, 7, 152.https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050152
AMA Style
Lu N, Yao X, Yang J, Huang Y.Evaluating the Ceiling Gas Temperature in a Branched Tunnel Fire with a Sloped Mainline Region under Natural Ventilation. Fire. 2024; 7(5):152.https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050152
Chicago/Turabian Style
Lu, Ning, Xiaolin Yao, Jinming Yang, and Youbo Huang.2024. "Evaluating the Ceiling Gas Temperature in a Branched Tunnel Fire with a Sloped Mainline Region under Natural Ventilation" Fire 7, no. 5: 152.https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050152
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MDPI and ACS Style
Lu, N.; Yao, X.; Yang, J.; Huang, Y.Evaluating the Ceiling Gas Temperature in a Branched Tunnel Fire with a Sloped Mainline Region under Natural Ventilation. Fire 2024, 7, 152.https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050152
AMA Style
Lu N, Yao X, Yang J, Huang Y.Evaluating the Ceiling Gas Temperature in a Branched Tunnel Fire with a Sloped Mainline Region under Natural Ventilation. Fire. 2024; 7(5):152.https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050152
Chicago/Turabian Style
Lu, Ning, Xiaolin Yao, Jinming Yang, and Youbo Huang.2024. "Evaluating the Ceiling Gas Temperature in a Branched Tunnel Fire with a Sloped Mainline Region under Natural Ventilation" Fire 7, no. 5: 152.https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7050152
Fire,EISSN 2571-6255,Published by MDPI
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