Religious Landscape Study (2024)

  • Demographic Information
  • Beliefs and Practices
  • Social and Political Views

DemographicInformation

Age distribution among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who are ages…

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Surveyyear18-2930-4950-6465+Samplesize
20144%24%36%36%142
20078%28%36%28%139

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:age group by belief in hellage group by religious group

Generational cohort among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who are…

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SurveyyearYounger MillennialOlder MillennialGeneration XBaby BoomerSilentGreatestSamplesize
20141%4%23%47%20%5%142
2007< 1%4%18%43%19%16%139

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:generational group by belief in hellgenerational group by religious group

Gender composition among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who are…

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SurveyyearMenWomenSamplesize
201436%64%145
200745%55%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:gender by belief in hellgender by religious group

Racial and ethnic composition among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who identify as…

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SurveyyearWhiteBlackAsianLatinoOther/MixedSamplesize
201494%2%2%< 1%2%145
200796%3%< 1%< 1%2%142

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:race/ethnicity by belief in hellrace/ethnicity by religious group

Immigrant status among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who are…

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SurveyyearImmigrantsSecond generationThird generation or higherSamplesize
20144%9%88%141
20075%11%84%143

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:immigrant status by belief in hellimmigrant status by religious group

Income distribution among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who have a household income of…

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SurveyyearLess than $30,000$30,000-$49,999$50,000-$99,999$100,000 or moreSamplesize
201420%13%29%38%129
200715%19%37%29%105

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:household income by belief in hellhousehold income by religious group

Educational distribution among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who have completed…

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SurveyyearHigh school or lessSome collegeCollegePost-graduate degreeSamplesize
201424%13%29%35%145

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:educational group by belief in helleducational group by religious group

Marital status among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who are…

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SurveyyearMarriedLiving with a partnerDivorced/separatedWidowedNever marriedSamplesize
201464%6%8%10%12%145
200756%6%12%15%11%143

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:marital status by belief in hellmarital status by religious group

Parent of children under 18 among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who are…

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SurveyyearParentsNon-parentsSamplesize
201419%81%143
200725%75%142

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:parental status by belief in hellparental status by religious group

BeliefsandPractices

Belief in God among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who say they…

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SurveyyearBelieve in God; absolutely certainBelieve in God; fairly certainBelieve in God; not too/not at all certainBelieve in God; don't knowDo not believe in GodOther/don't know if they believe in GodSamplesize
201444%45%6%1%2%3%145
200751%35%7%< 1%4%4%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:belief in God by belief in hellbelief in God by religious group

Importance of religion in one's life among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who say religion is…

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SurveyyearVery importantSomewhat importantNot too importantNot at all importantDon't knowSamplesize
201445%38%16%1%< 1%145
200733%41%18%7%1%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:importance of religion by belief in hellimportance of religion by religious group

Attendance at religious services among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who attend religious services…

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SurveyyearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a month/a few times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSamplesize
201427%45%27%< 1%145
200723%54%22%1%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:religious attendance by belief in hellreligious attendance by religious group

Frequency of prayer among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who pray…

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SurveyyearAt least dailyWeeklyMonthlySeldom/neverDon't knowSamplesize
201442%24%12%21%1%145
200734%23%14%27%1%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:frequency of prayer by belief in hellfrequency of prayer by religious group

Frequency of participation in prayer, scripture study or religious education groups among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who attend prayer group…

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SurveyyearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSamplesize
20146%11%11%72%< 1%145
200711%3%9%77%< 1%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:attendance at prayer groups by belief in hellattendance at prayer groups by religious group

Frequency of meditation among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who meditate…

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SurveyyearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSamplesize
201437%14%7%41%1%145
200730%8%7%54%1%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:frequency of meditation by belief in hellfrequency of meditation by religious group

Frequency of feeling spiritual peace and wellbeing among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who feel a sense of spiritual peace and wellbeing…

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SurveyyearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSamplesize
201449%22%15%13%1%145
200740%19%16%20%5%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:frequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing by belief in hellfrequency of feelings of spiritual wellbeing by religious group

Frequency of feeling wonder about the universe among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who feel a sense of wonder about the universe…

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SurveyyearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSamplesize
201451%20%12%18%< 1%145
200735%21%13%29%2%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:frequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe by belief in hellfrequency feeling a sense of wonder about the universe by religious group

Sources of guidance on right and wrong among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who say they look to…most for guidance on right and wrong

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SurveyyearReligionPhilosophy/reasonCommon senseScienceDon't knowSamplesize
201412%17%59%10%1%145
20079%25%55%5%6%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:sources of guidance on right and wrong by belief in hellsources of guidance on right and wrong by religious group

Belief in absolute standards for right and wrong among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who say…

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SurveyyearThere are clear standards for what is right and wrongRight or wrong depends on the situationNeither/both equallyDon't knowSamplesize
201415%83%< 1%2%145

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:belief in existence of standards for right and wrong by belief in hellbelief in existence of standards for right and wrong by religious group

Frequency of reading scripture among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who read scripture…

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SurveyyearAt least once a weekOnce or twice a monthSeveral times a yearSeldom/neverDon't knowSamplesize
201415%11%12%61%< 1%145
200710%12%10%66%2%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:frequency of reading scripture by belief in hellfrequency of reading scripture by religious group

Interpreting scripture among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who say the holy scripture is…

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SurveyyearWord of God; should be taken literallyWord of God; not everything taken literallyWord of God; other/don't knowNot the word of GodOther/don't knowSamplesize
20143%31%< 1%56%10%145
20074%23%1%60%12%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:interpretation of scripture by belief in hellinterpretation of scripture by religious group

Belief in Heaven among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who …in heaven

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SurveyyearBelieveDon't believeOther/don't knowSamplesize
201457%39%4%145
200750%41%10%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:belief in heaven by belief in hellbelief in heaven by religious group

SocialandPoliticalViews

Party affiliation among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who identify as…

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SurveyyearRepublican/lean Rep.No leanDemocrat/lean Dem.Samplesize
201432%14%54%145
200728%13%59%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:political party by belief in hellpolitical party by religious group

Political ideology among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who are…

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SurveyyearConservativeModerateLiberalDon't knowSamplesize
201416%45%36%3%145
200721%41%33%6%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:political ideology by belief in hellpolitical ideology by religious group

Views about size of government among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who would rather have…

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SurveyyearSmaller government; fewer servicesBigger government; more servicesDependsDon't knowSamplesize
201447%46%5%2%145
200752%35%7%7%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:views about size of government by belief in hellviews about size of government by religious group

Views about government aid to the poor among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who say government aid to the poor…

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SurveyyearDoes more harm than goodDoes more good than harmNeither/both equallyDon't knowSamplesize
201434%64%1%1%145

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:views about government aid to the poor by belief in hellviews about government aid to the poor by religious group

Views about abortion among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who say abortion should be…

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SurveyyearLegal in all/most casesIllegal in all/most casesDon't knowSamplesize
201487%10%3%145
200785%13%3%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:views about abortion by belief in hellviews about abortion by religious group

Views about hom*osexuality among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who say hom*osexuality…

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SurveyyearShould be acceptedShould be discouragedNeither/both equallyDon't knowSamplesize
201492%7%1%< 1%145
200778%15%1%6%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:views about hom*osexuality by belief in hellviews about hom*osexuality by religious group

Views about same-sex marriage among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who …same-sex marriage

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SurveyyearStrongly favor/favorOppose/strongly opposeDon't knowSamplesize
201482%15%3%145

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:views about same-sex marriage by belief in hellviews about same-sex marriage by religious group

Views about environmental regulation among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who say…

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SurveyyearStricter environmental laws and regulations cost too many jobs and hurt the economyStricter environmental laws and regulations are worth the costNeither/both equallyDon't knowSamplesize
201421%79%< 1%1%145
200714%77%2%8%144

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:views about environmental protection by belief in hellviews about environmental protection by religious group

Views about human evolution among congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell

% of congregationalists in the Mainline Tradition who do not believe in Hell who say humans…

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SurveyyearEvolved; due to natural processesEvolved; due to God's designEvolved; don't know howAlways existed in present formDon't knowSamplesize
201448%20%8%23%1%145

Sample sizes and margins of error vary from subgroup to subgroup, from year to year and from state to state. You can see the sample size for the estimates in this chart on rollover or in the last column of the table. And visit this table to see approximate margins of error for a group of a given size. Readers should always bear in mind the approximate margin of error for the group they are examining when making comparisons with other groups or assessing the significance of trends over time. For full question wording, see the survey questionnaire.

Compare:views about human evolution by belief in hellviews about human evolution by religious group

Religious Landscape Study (2024)
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